Sighing respirations: Markedly irregular pattern of frequent, deep, sighing inspirations, seen during severe anxiety.Disease states associated with cheyne-stokes respiration include increased intracranial pressure, uremia, coma, and after administration of a respiratory depressant such as morphine. This pattern is seen at times in normal infants and healthy elderly individuals, and normal persons at high altitude. These may be high pitched or low pitched and are continuous sounds associated with airway narrowing due to a variety of causes, including bronchoconstriction. Typically an apneic phase will last for 15-60 seconds followed by a phase of increasing tidal volume with each breath and then decreasing progressively to the apneic phase. Cheyne-Stokes respiration: Periodic breathing pattern characterized by alternating periods of hypoventilation and hyperventilation.It is characteristic of severe cerebral hypoxia, and is also seen in cardiovascular shock or other conditions with severely reduced cardiac output. Gasping respirations: This pattern consists of irregular quick inspirations associated with extension of the neck, followed by a long expiratory pause.Restricted breathing: Small tidal volume and a rapid rate seen in patients with decreased distensibility of the lung or chest wall or with reduction of vital capacity from other causes. As stridor can indicate significant upper airway obstruction, the next best step in a responsive patient is to visually examine the oral cavity for obstruction.This is the pattern seen at rest in patients with metabolic acidosis, and is the pattern adopted automatically by individuals during exercise.
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